DC speed control systems are widely used in low-speed, high-precision applications such as precision office equipment like inkjet and laser printers, vending machines, household appliances, robots, and toy devices. The advancement of these systems is driven by recent developments in microelectronics, power electronics, sensor technology, permanent magnet materials, automatic control, and microcomputer applications. With the trend toward intelligent and simplified speed control systems, this design utilizes an STM32 microcontroller based on the ARM Cortex-M3 core, known for its high cost-performance ratio and low power consumption. Combined with PID control technology, it ensures a wide and accurate speed range, along with high-speed control performance.

1. System Overall Design

The speed control system supports functions such as motor starting, braking, forward and reverse speed regulation, speed measurement, and data upload. It also enables four-quadrant operation of the DC motor. Key performance specifications include a speed regulation accuracy of up to 1 r/min, a steady-state error not exceeding 0.5%, a speed range of -500 to 500 r/min, serial command control mode, a low on-resistance drive circuit, low energy consumption, and stable, reliable operation. The system consists of a power supply, host computer, communication interface, control circuit, motor drive circuit, motor and load, and a speed measuring device. The block diagram is shown in Figure 1.

Design and Implementation of DC Motor PID Speed Control System Based on STM32

Figure 1: System Block Diagram

2. Hardware Design 2.1 Control Circuit Design

The control circuit is responsible for receiving control commands and generating corresponding control signals while returning motor speed and operational status data. To ensure stable and reliable operation, the circuit must have high operating speed, strong stability, ease of development, and good cost-effectiveness. The generated PWM signal should include features such as dead zone delay, complementary output, and emergency braking. The STM32 family, based on the ARM Cortex-M3 core, is designed for high-performance, low-cost, and low-power embedded applications. This system uses the STM32F103 as the main controller. The minimal control circuit system includes the STM32 main chip, clock circuit, reset circuit, UART-USB conversion, JTAG debugging interface, and power supply. The schematic is shown in Figure 2.

Design and Implementation of DC Motor PID Speed Control System Based on STM32

Figure 2: Schematic of the Control Circuit with STM32F103 as the Core

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