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Satellite frequency and orbital resources hold significant strategic importance for a country’s political, economic, and national defense development. These resources are considered valuable assets by all nations around the world. As satellite technology advances, countries are increasingly focusing on satellite development, leading to a growing demand for frequency and orbital resources. To effectively obtain and utilize these limited resources while safeguarding China’s legitimate interests, the radio management department must closely monitor the global development of satellite services, study international planning and implementation strategies, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region, understand demand trends, master the rules and procedures for frequency and orbit reporting and coordination, and analyze the frequency bands used in satellite services along with the characteristics of radio wave propagation. This paper explores the current status and future trends in satellite frequency and orbit usage globally, discusses regulatory frameworks and allocation mechanisms for these resources, and proposes strategies to enhance their management.
1. Status and Development Trends of Satellite Frequency and Orbit Resources
1.1 National Disputes Over Satellite Frequency/Orbit Resources
With the growth of both economic and military capabilities, satellite frequencies and geostationary orbit resources have become key targets for competition among nations. Some countries or organizations, driven by their own interests, occupy orbital positions and frequencies before launching satellites, resulting in so-called "paper satellites" that are only registered but not operational. According to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) registration data, C-band communication satellites in geostationary orbit are nearly saturated, and Ku-band communication satellites are also heavily congested. In recent years, several countries in the Asia-Pacific region, including Japan, India, South Korea, and Malaysia, have independently or jointly developed communication satellites to secure orbital resources. Incidents of satellite collisions and the need for coordination have occurred frequently, highlighting the intense competition for space dominance. Seizing satellite frequency and orbit resources has become one of the most prominent areas in global satellite development today.
Currently, there are approximately 800 satellites in space worldwide, with over 400 in the United States and more than 300 in other countries. Among them, over 90 are military satellites used for intelligence, early warning, command, navigation, and reconnaissance. Russia has nearly 100 satellites, but more than 40% are beyond their service life. Therefore, Russia is planning to modernize its existing satellites and launch new ones. European countries have about 70 satellites, while Japan has launched a total of 70 satellites for communications and reconnaissance since 1970, with about 28 currently in orbit. India has launched nearly 20 series of satellites, including Earth observation, geosynchronous communication, solar physics experiments, broadcasting, remote sensing, and military reconnaissance. In China, there are more than 90 satellites at 50°E and 180°E, with 61 in the C-band and 72 in the Ku-band.
1.2 China's Satellite Frequency/Orbit Resources
As China's satellite systems continue to develop, its satellite applications have become increasingly widespread. Currently, China operates a variety of satellites in fields such as communication, navigation, meteorology, oceanography, and scientific research. Since the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, "Dongfanghong No. 1," in 1970, China has successfully launched several satellites, including Dongfanghong No. 2 and No. 3, Zhongwei No. 1, Zhongxing No. 6, Xinnuo No. 1, Asia No. 4, and the Asia-Pacific 6 satellite. There are currently 18 satellites in geostationary orbit (GSO) and 11 in non-geostationary orbit (NGSO). It is planned to launch between 30 and 50 satellites in the next five years.
According to ITU statistics, there are currently more than 200 valid satellite network filings, involving 62 geostationary orbit positions and multiple non-geostationary orbits, covering all frequency bands allocated for satellite use.
1.3 Trends in Satellite Frequency/Orbit Development
Future developments in satellite services and their frequency/orbit requirements are expected to follow several trends:
- The satellite fixed service will move toward high-frequency bands, large capacity, digitization, broadband, and IP-based systems.
- Satellite broadcasting services will see broad market potential and evolve into multimedia services.
- Satellite mobile services will explore new frequency bands and focus on efficient spectrum utilization technologies.
- Satellite positioning and navigation services will transition from regional to global systems.
- Frequency bands for space services like satellite meteorology and earth observation will trend toward higher bandwidths and more extensive coverage.
- Demand for data transmission between satellites will increase, leading to further expansion of telemetry and remote control bands.
2. Satellite Frequency and Orbit Resource Management Regulations and Allocation Mechanisms
2.1 Satellite Resource and Orbital Resource Management Regulations
Satellite resource management regulations serve as the foundation and guidelines for the coordination, distribution, and use of satellite resources, including both international and national standards. Adhering to these regulations is essential for the rational and orderly management of satellite resources.
International regulations governing satellite frequency and orbital allocation include the United Nations Declaration on Outer Space, the Outer Space Treaty, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Organization Law, the ITU Convention, and the ITU Radio Regulations. These agreements emphasize the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, the equal, rational, and efficient use of limited frequency and orbital resources, and the implementation of effective interference control mechanisms.
China’s satellite resource management regulations include the Radio Regulations of the People's Republic of China, the Radio Frequency Division Regulations, the Regulations on the Administration of Satellite Space Stations, and the Regulations for Establishing Satellite Communication Networks. With the continuous development of China’s satellite industry, domestic regulations play an increasingly important role in ensuring the scientific planning and rational use of frequency and orbital resources, protecting China’s legitimate rights and interests.
The "Regulations on the Division of Radio Frequencies of the People's Republic of China" aligns with the ITU Radio Regulations and defines the frequency bands used for various radio services, including space services. It serves as the most important and fundamental document for frequency management in China and forms the basis for medium- and long-term frequency planning.
2.2 Satellite Resource and Orbital Resource Allocation Mechanism
(1) Coordination Law and Planning Law
Under the Radio Regulations, two main mechanisms govern the allocation of satellite frequency and orbital resources: the Coordination Law and the Planning Law. The Coordination Law follows the principle of "first-come, first-served" through reporting and coordination. After three stages—declaration, coordination, and notification—countries can obtain the required frequency and orbital resources and receive international protection. The Planning Law involves equal distribution and planning of satellite business resources through structured procedures outlined in Articles 5, 9, and 11 of the Radio Regulations, as well as Appendices 30, 30A, and 30B.
(2) Phase A: Advance Notification
The first phase of the Coordination Law involves the advance publication of satellite network information (Phase A). According to Article 9(I) of the Radio Regulations, satellite network filings require submitting general descriptions (API information) to the ITU Radiocommunication Bureau (BR) in advance. The API data should be submitted no earlier than seven years before activation and preferably no later than two years before the planned activation date.
(3) Phase C: Coordination
The second phase is the coordination stage (Phase C), where detailed satellite network data (C data) must be submitted within two years of receiving API data, following the requirements of Appendix 4 of the Radio Regulations. The BR publishes this data in the International Frequency Information Circular (IFIC). Competent authorities must respond to coordination requests within four months; otherwise, it is considered consent.
(4) Phase N: Notification and Registration
The third phase is the notification and registration stage (Phase N), which follows Article 11 of the Radio Regulations and Resolution 33. Notification data (N data) must be submitted to the BR no earlier than three years before the frequency is put into use. If modifications are made, they must be implemented within five years of the modification notice. N data must be in use no later than seven years after receiving API data. Once verified, the frequency assignment is recorded in the International Frequency Register (MIFR), providing legal protection against harmful interference.