Microplate Reader Working Principle: The microplate reader is essentially a phase-change photoelectric colorimeter or spectrophotometer. Its basic working principle is similar to that of a conventional photometer. The diagram illustrates the operation of a single-channel automatic injection microplate reader. Light from a light source passes through a filter or monochromator, becoming monochromatic light, which then enters the sample in the microplate's wells. Part of the light is absorbed by the sample, while the rest is transmitted through it and detected by a photodetector. This device converts the varying optical signals into corresponding electrical signals, which are then amplified, logarithmically processed, and converted into digital data. These signals are sent to a microprocessor for analysis and calculation, and the results are displayed on a screen or printed out. The microprocessor also controls the movement of the mechanical drive system in the X and Y directions, allowing the microplate to be automatically positioned for testing. In manual models, this mechanical system is omitted, making the instrument more compact and simpler in design. A microplate is a transparent plastic plate designed to hold samples in multiple small, uniform-sized wells. Each well can contain a few milliliters of liquid, and specific antigens or antibodies are often embedded in the wells for various assays. Light is an electromagnetic wave, with wavelengths between 100 nm and 400 nm classified as ultraviolet, visible light ranging from 400 nm to 780 nm, and infrared beyond 780 nm. We perceive colors because objects reflect certain wavelengths of light. For example, plants appear green because they absorb red and blue light but reflect green light. The core function of a microplate reader is to measure the absorbance of a substance at a specific wavelength. As detection methods have evolved, multi-mode microplate readers have been developed, capable of detecting not only absorbance (Abs) but also fluorescence intensity (FI), time-resolved fluorescence (TRF), fluorescence polarization (FP), and chemiluminescence (Lum). There are two main types of microplate readers: grating-based and filter-based. Grating-based models can select any wavelength within the light source range, while filter-based models are limited to specific wavelengths based on the filters used. Shanghai Bayu Industrial Co., Ltd. In 2007, Shanghai Bayu established an offline supply system for laboratory instruments and MRO industrial products. By 2009, it launched an online procurement platform. As one of the earliest companies in Shanghai specializing in MRO industrial products and laboratory equipment, Shanghai Bayu has built a strong reputation for quality, efficient management, and reliable after-sales service. Leakage protector, also known as leakage switch, is a new type of electrical safety device, mainly used for: ZHEJIANG QIANNA ELECTRIC CO.,LTD , https://www.traner-elec.com
(1) Prevent electric shock accidents caused by electrical equipment and electrical circuit leakage;
(2) Preventing single-phase electric shock accidents during electricity use
(3) Timely cut off single-phase grounding faults in the operation of electrical equipment to prevent fire accidents caused by leakage
(4) With the improvement of people's living standards and the continuous increase of household appliances, personal electric shock and fire accidents caused by defects, improper use, and inadequate safety measures of electrical equipment in the process of using electricity have brought undue damage to people's lives and property. The emergence of leakage protectors provides reliable and effective technical means for preventing various accidents, timely cutting off power, and protecting equipment and personal safety.
The leakage protector should meet the following technical requirements
(1) The sensitivity of electric shock protection should be correct and reasonable, and the starting current should generally be within the range of 15-30 milliamperes
(2) The action time of electric shock protection should generally not exceed 0.1 seconds
(3) The protector should be equipped with necessary monitoring equipment to prevent it from losing its protective effect when the operating state changes. For example, for voltage type electric shock protectors, a neutral grounding device should be installed.