**What is Output Impedance?** Impedance refers to the opposition a circuit or device presents to the flow of current. Output impedance, specifically, is the impedance measured at the output terminal of a circuit or device. It represents the internal resistance that affects how well a source can drive a load. The lower the output impedance, the better the ability to deliver power to a connected load. Output impedance is defined as the internal impedance of an equivalent voltage source (Thevenin equivalent) or an equivalent current source (Norton equivalent) at the output port of a network. Its value is determined by looking into the output port with all independent sources set to zero. This concept is essential for understanding how a circuit interacts with its load and how much power it can effectively transfer. **Output Impedance vs. Input Impedance** While input impedance refers to the impedance seen from the input side of a circuit, output impedance is the impedance seen from the output side. In practical terms, output impedance is critical when designing circuits where signal integrity and power delivery are important. **Voltage Source Driven Circuit** When a voltage source is connected to a load, part of the energy is consumed within the source itself due to its internal resistance. For example, consider a constant voltage source $ U $ with an internal resistance $ R_{out} $, connected to a load $ R $. The current through the circuit is given by: $$ I = \frac{U}{R_{out} + R} $$ The voltage across the load becomes: $$ V_R = I \cdot R = \frac{U \cdot R}{R_{out} + R} $$ The power delivered to the load is: $$ P = \frac{U^2 \cdot R}{(R_{out} + R)^2} $$ From this equation, it's clear that a smaller output impedance allows more power to be delivered to the load. **Current Source Driven Circuit** For a current source, the output impedance is in parallel with the ideal current source. The current splits between the internal resistance and the load. The voltage across the load depends on both the current and the resistance values. To maximize power transfer, the load resistance should match the internal resistance of the current source. **What is Load Capacity?** Load capacity refers to the ability of a device to supply sufficient current or voltage to a connected load without significant degradation. For example, in TTL logic devices, the output high level current is typically 0.4 mA, while the input high level current is only 0.04 mA. This means a single TTL output can drive up to 8 similar loads. In general, load capacity reflects how well a circuit can maintain its output voltage or current under varying load conditions. If the output remains stable when a load is connected, the device has good load capacity. **Output Impedance vs. Load Capacity** The relationship between output impedance and load capacity is crucial in circuit design. A low output impedance ensures that the source can deliver more power to the load, minimizing voltage drop and maximizing efficiency. On the other hand, a high output impedance may cause significant losses and reduce the effective power delivered. In practical applications, such as audio amplifiers or power supplies, a low output impedance is often desirable to ensure that the output remains stable and consistent, even when the load changes. For example, a MOSFET-based amplifier is preferred for high-power applications due to its low internal resistance, which allows more energy to reach the load rather than being lost in the transistor. **Conclusion** Understanding output impedance and load capacity helps in designing efficient and reliable electronic systems. Lower output impedance improves the ability to drive heavy loads, while higher load capacity ensures that the system can handle various types of loads without performance degradation. These concepts are fundamental in fields like power electronics, signal processing, and amplifier design.

OLED Glass Cover

OLED is organic light-emitting diode (D1de), which has the characteristics of self illumination, high brightness, wide viewing angle, high contrast, flexibility, low energy consumption and so on. Therefore, it has been widely concerned. As a new generation of display mode, it has gradually replaced the traditional liquid crystal display, and is widely used in mobile phone screen, computer display, full-color TV and so on. OLED display technology is different from traditional liquid crystal display technology. It does not need backlight. It uses very thin organic material coating and glass substrate. When there is current passing through, these organic materials will emit light. However, as organic materials are easy to react with water vapor or oxygen, OLED displays have high requirements for packaging.

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